Imagine this: you wake up feeling well-rested. The morning is quiet so you go to the kitchen and start brewing yourself some tea. You take your tea onto the porch and breath in the morning air. You enjoy your slow morning and the warmth of all of the herbal goodness in your mug. Life is good.
As an active herbal student, teas are my favorite kinds of herbal preparations. I love the comfort and the healing that comes from my mug in the morning. Having my hands on the dried or fresh plant material, that’s always so beautifully colored and textured, brings me peace.
If you’re here, then you’re probably interested in learning how to brew yourself some tea. It’s pretty simple really: pouring some hot water over some herbs will give you a great cup of tea. But did you know there are many variations to tea making? Variations in the way we brew the tea, the temperature of the water, the length of time we steep the tea, and more.
Are you ready to get into it?
Disclaimer
Before we continue, I want to clarify an assumption I’m making. I am assuming that you are interested in learning how to brew tea for medicinal purposes as part of a personal or professional herbalism journey. Tea is wonderful and it is a great way to relax, connect, and enjoy something delicious. In those cases, having a cup of tea without much regard to the preparation method is perfectly ok. However, if we are looking to work with herbs to receive the many amazing medicinal qualities they offer, there are ways to best prepare tea to optimize those benefits.
Also, this article is for educational purposes only and is not intended to treat or diagnose any health conditions. There are no federal organizations to test herbal products or license herbalists, so the herbs discussed are not FDA regulated. All the herbs discussed in this article are generally regarded as safe, but you may have adverse interactions with particular herbs, just like we can all have reactions to different foods! And remember, your health is always your own responsibility.
Introduction to Brewing Tea
If you’re new to medicinal tea making, you may think that tea is a simple idea. All you do is boil some water and add some herbs, right? Well, you’re partially right. The foundation of tea is hot water and herbs in a receptacle. However, there are dozens of variations of making tea. The preparation method, the receptacle, the length of time the tea steeps, the temperature of the water. . . There’s a lot to consider.
That’s what I’m here for! If you’re ready to learn about making herbal tea infusions, then so am I. Before we get into that, let’s just quickly go over why we drink tea in the first place.
Why Drink Medicinal Tea?
In my studies–and in the practices of many clinical herbalists–the herbal preparations we work with are teas maybe 80% of the time. There are so many forms of herbal preparations: tinctures, vinegars, honeys, salves, steams, and so much more. But roughly 80% of the time, we’re working with tea. Why is that?
Water: the Universal Solvent
What I’ve learned from my teachers is that clients who don’t drink tea, don’t get better. And there are a few reasons for that. First of all, water is the universal solvent. That means that it is the most effective base substance, or menstruum, for extracting those yummy, medicinal constituents (chemical compounds). This is because water has a polar charge that breaks chemical compounds down. Plus, because our bodies actively absorb water, the tea that contains all of those constituents is readily absorbed.
Specialized Formulation
Second, tea can be formulated to your situation and taken in quantity. Regardless of your particular health circumstances, you can put together a variety of herbs that work with your body to heal. This can be harder to do with other kinds of preparations. Also, you can make a lot of tea–as much as you want or is necessary to get those benefits you’re looking for. Plus, tea tastes so good and is a warming treat to give yourself every day!
Building a Relationship with Our Health
And lastly, tea helps us develop a relationship with the herbs and our own health and healing. Unlike modern medicine that has convinced most of us we can be “cured” of all of our ailments and discomforts with a single pill in a single dosage, changing the course of our health takes months, years, or even lifetimes. When we make the conscious effort to make tea every day, we are reclaiming our health and choosing to actively participate in it. It helps us shift our focus on our sustained self-care. Plus, we are working with the physical plant parts (as opposed to the plant extractions in tinctures or other preparations). This allows us to develop a stronger relationship with the plants and with the earth, which is healing in itself!
Methods of Brewing Tea
There are many ways of brewing tea. Some you are probably more familiar with than others. And some are best if we want to get as much of the herbal goodness into our bodies as possible. Let’s go over each brewing method and its pros and cons.
Quick Note on Lids
When you’re making tea, it’s always a good idea to make tea in a receptacle that you can cover, preferably with a tight-fitting lid. Lots of herbs contain aromatics, aka volatile oils. These compounds, aka constituents, evaporate in hot water and we want to keep them in the tea the best that we can to get those constituents into our bodies. Covering your tea while it’s steeping is the best way to keep those constituents in the tea. So whatever method you choose, be sure to cover it up!
Tea Bags
When you think of making tea, it’s pretty likely that you’re thinking of some hot water in a mug with a tea bag. This method of brewing tea is the most common in the United States and it’s something most people have some familiarity with. However, it’s not necessarily a common way herbalists work with tea.
Pros and Cons
Tea bags are great for many reasons. First, they’re relatively inexpensive. If you’re on a budget, tea bags can be a great alternative to purchasing herbs in bulk from your local apothecary or online. Second, they are very accessible. Almost every grocery store has a large variety of tea bags to choose from. And lastly, they’re great time savers. There are some days when we just have too much to do or we don’t have the energy to make ourselves up a big thing of tea. On those days, tea bags really come in handy.
Although tea bags are great for a few reasons, there are some things to keep in mind. First of all, most tea bags you purchase from the store are not going to be medicinal grade. Traditional Medicinals and Organic India are some of the only brands I trust to have medicinal-grade herbs in their tea bags. Second, the amount of herbs in a tea bag isn’t enough (in most cases) to receive a medicinal effect from them. If you’re using tea bags for medicinal purposes, then I recommend brewing tea with at least two tea bags, if not three or four.
Overall, I wouldn’t recommend using tea bags if you’re drinking tea for medicinal purposes. Instead, I would suggest the methods below. However, tea bags still work fine if they are what you have access to!
Supplies
All you really need for brewing tea with tea bags is a mug and some tea bags! I like these mugs from Mountain Rose Herbs a lot but there are thousands of options! Also, as I said before, I recommend buying your tea bags from high-quality producers like Traditional Medicinals and Organic India. They’re going to have medicinal-grade herbs in their products!
You’re also going to need something to heat up the water with. Of course, you can use a typical kettle you put on the stove, an electric kettle, a pot, or a microwave. When getting a kettle, I recommend avoiding plastic, paint, and aluminum to evade leaching. But otherwise, any kettle will do!
Strainers and Baskets
The next most common method for brewing tea is tea strainers with loose-leaf herbs. If you’re an avid tea drinker, then you’ve probably used this method to make tea many times. But does it work well when brewing a cup of medicinal tea?
Pros and Cons
Using strainers and baskets has more benefits than using tea bags. First, because we’re using loose-leaf herbs, we can source our own herbs. When we source our own herbs, we can ensure quality, sustainability, and our ability to formulate tea blends based on our specific needs and desires. Second, we’re able to put a lot more plant material in our mug and therefore we’re better able to have an appropriate amount to receive medicinal benefits.
Although baskets and tea strainers are preferred over tea bags, there’s still one major drawback. That is the ability to move the herbs around in the water when the tea is steeping. When we’re brewing tea for medicinal purposes, it’s important to get as much of the herb as possible in contact with the hot water. Especially when you’re using basket strainers, it’s really hard to move those herbs around enough to get the best infusion. Of course, if we’re using a submersion infuser like this infusion tea egg, we get more movement, but these strainers limit the amount of plant material we can put in our mug.
Supplies
Most of us have some kind of strainer laying around. Basket strainers and regular old mesh strainers are pretty popular and you may also have some laying around the kitchen. In-tea infusers like this tea egg are also pretty popular and well-used when making tea with this method. If you are interested in making tea using strainers, you may want to consider a bottle or tumbler that includes a mesh strainer. When using a tumbler like this, not only can we take our tea with us on the go, but we’ll be able to shake the bottle up allowing the herbs to move around and get more contact with the water.
Although I personally don’t use this method of brewing tea very often, I will use mesh strainers when making tea using other methods. So even if you’re not going to use the basket and strainer method very often either, you may want to consider getting a mesh strainer or two if you don’t already have them.
Teapots
It’s one of my favorite, most luxurious ways to drink tea. Sitting down with a big pot of tea and a teacup I can sip for a couple of hours feels so grounding, especially when paired with a good book or an herbal bath. Let’s talk about the practicality of teapots as a way of making medicinal tea.
Pros and Cons
I love teapots. When I make up a pot of tea with my teapot, it reminds me of how much joy plants bring me. But teapots aren’t just a nice thing. For one, most teapots are about a quart. Some are smaller of course, but many can hold about a quart of tea. When making tea for medicinal purposes, the dosage is usually about a quart a day. So when we make a big pot of tea in our quart-sized teapots, we’re making enough to get that medicinal dose. Plus, at least in my experience, making tea in a teapot makes me excited enough to drink the tea that I end up drinking all of it.
Although I love teapots, they may not be practical for everyday use. If you work from home, it’s a completely different story. You can easily make a pot of tea to have at your desk as you’re working. But still, when it’s time to get the kids or go run errands, you can’t really take the teapot with you. For most of us, we’re running around too much to use teapots as our primary way of making tea. For me, I save my teapot for the evenings or spa days and use a different method as my default.
Supplies
You can find teapots in many places. From the box of hand-me-down dishware from your grandparents to your local box store. Teapots can come in a variety of different sizes and materials, including ceramic, stainless steel, glass, and cast iron. Whichever material you choose is completely up to your own personal preference, but I do, however, suggest getting a teapot that holds about holds about a quart or more of tea.
Also, if you’re using a teapot to make your tea, I recommend removing the strainer or basket if it comes with one. That way, the herbs can freely move through the water and properly diffuse. However, this does mean you’ll need to keep a mesh strainer or something similar nearby to use when you pour your tea to prevent the herbs from getting into your cup.
Mason jars
Although lacking luster, brewing tea in a quart or half-gallon-sized mason jar is a pretty standard practice in the herbalism community. And for a good reason! To make tea in a mason jar, all you have to do is fill it with about a half inch of herb (for medicinal uses) and fill it up with hot water. Let’s get into why mason jars are so loved by herbalists.
Pros and Cons
Let’s start with the pros–there are a lot! First of all, you can get a lot of herb material into the jar which means you can make the tea as strong as you need to. Plus, because the herbs can move freely in the jar, more water gets in contact with the water and more diffusion happens. When making tea in a mason jar, I like to be sure to shake the jar up every once in a while just to make sure the herbs are moving around.
Next, you can make a lot of tea at once in a mason jar. When drinking tea for medicinal purposes, it’s usually suggested to drink at least a quart of tea per day or more. When you make up your tea in a quart-sized mason jar or larger, you have all the tea you need throughout the day ready to go! And because glass jars are so available (and are usually a byproduct of buying sauces or pickles) they’re available to those who don’t have the means to buy a lot of fancy equipment.
Really the only downside to using mason jars to make your tea is that you’ll need a mesh strainer or something similar to keep the herbs out of your tea when you pour it. And of course, the smaller the mason jar you make the tea in, the more tea you’ll end up needing to make. But that problem can be solved by getting a bigger jar!
Supplies
To begin, you need some jars! You can definitely purchase name-brand mason jars if you want to do that, but you can also acquire jars just by buying products that come in jars at the grocery store. I do recommend using tempered glass jars just to prevent the jar from breaking when exposed to hot water. If you don’t have tempered glass jars available, then, when you pour your tea, pour just a tablespoon or two of hot water into the glass, wait about 30 seconds for the glass to warm up, and then pour the rest of the hot water in. That way, you’ll be less likely to have a busted glass.
Like I said before, you also want to pay attention to the size of the mason jars you’re using. A quart-sized jar is pretty standard, but you may also want to consider getting a larger size if you’re planning on drinking a lot of tea.
French Press
Almost every evening, I make myself a long infusion (more info below) in my french press that I’ll drink the next morning. For me, it feels like a luxury to have a nice strong thermos full of tea ready for me when I’m ready to go. There are many reasons why I love my French press, so let’s talk about them.
Pros and Cons
Most of the benefits of brewing tea in mason jars apply to the French press as well. You can put a lot of herbs in the press at once, make about a quart of tea at a time, and ensure proper diffusion. Of course, instead of shaking the press (a very bad idea) you just have to pump the handle a few times as the tea is steeping. Plus, there’s no need for a strainer when you use a press!
The downsides to using a French press are a few more than mason jars. First, if you want to make more than one quart of tea at a time, it’s difficult to find a press large enough. Second, French presses are more inaccessible and usually more expensive than a mason jar. And lastly, they’re more difficult to clean, which can be a problem for those with schedules that are already tight.
Supplies
French presses are widely available at many box stores. This French press I think is particularly durable and elegant, but you really can get them anywhere. I got mine for fifteen dollars at my local grocery store, so I know they can be pretty accessible.
As I said, presses may not be available to you. In that case, you can create the same effect using a quart-sized mason jar and a strainer. You don’t need fancy equipment to make a good cup of tea!
Press Pot or Air Pot
We’re all familiar with air pots in cafes and at events. But did you know you can buy one for yourself? It may sound silly to get yourself an air pot for everyday use in the home, but it has a lot of benefits and could be an excellent lifetime investment.
Pros and Cons
I haven’t personally used an air pot to make tea so I can only share what I’ve learned from other herbalists. Through talking with and learning from other trusted herbalists, I really like the idea of making tea in an air pot. First of all, you are able to make a huge quantity of tea all at once. This means that you have all of the tea you’ll need throughout the day made for you all at once. Plus, the air pot acts as a huge thermos that keeps your tea warm throughout the day.
I learned about brewing tea using an air pot from Katja Swift at CommonWealth Holistic Herbalism. In her words, making tea was a chore that she sometimes fell short of doing, even after years of working as a clinical herbalist! She said that getting herself an air pot was one of the best decisions she had made. By using an air pot to brew her tea every day, she consistently got lots of tea into her body.
Supplies
When brewing tea with an air pot you’ll need, well, an air pot. You can find them in places like Target and, although they can be expensive, they will last a lifetime and will help you drink a lot of tea. I know a few herbalists who say that getting an air pot is one of the best investments they’ve ever made. So if you’re serious about brewing tea, I recommend you check it out!
Which Method is Best?
To summarize the pros and cons of each of these methods, let’s go over which I prefer and when. If you’re drinking purely for enjoyment, drinking tea using tea bags or strainers is perfectly fine and very accessible. However, if you’re drinking tea for medicinal reasons, they’re not the best contenders if you have other options available to you. Teapots are lovely but, for most people, impractical and are saved for special occasions.
Mason jars, French presses, and air pots are the best options for working with tea in herbalism. Jars are the most accessible, while presses and air pots are more serious investments. However, if you’re serious about tea, they’re serious investments to consider.
Remember, whatever you have access to is best! If all you have is some tea bags, a mug, and a microwave, then you can still make a tea that’s beneficial to your body. The best herbs are the herbs we actually take, so if that’s what works for you, then that’s what works for you. Also, you’re your own person with your own particular life experiences and schedule. Whatever method of brewing tea works best for you in your life is completely valid.
Brewing Tea Experimentation
You don’t have to take my word for it! If you’re serious about your herbal studies and herbal teas, then I encourage you to do some experimentation. Try making tea with a tea bag, a strainer, and a mason jar. After maybe an hour, come back and note the differences in smell, taste, and color. Can you experience the differences for yourself? Is one tea darker in color than the others? Does one have a stronger taste or smell? After you’ve done this experiment, come back and share your results in the comments below.
Variations of Brewing Tea
Besides the vessels we use to brew our tea in, there are other factors we can change when making different kinds of tea. Specifically, we can change the temperature of the water and how long we steep the tea or expose it to heat.
In this section, instead of discussing the pros and cons of each method, I’m going to discuss how each method is best used. Each of the variations below have certain herbs they work best with and therefore none of the variations is better than another.
Short Infusions
Short infusions are probably what most people are familiar with when they make tea. When you’re brewing a cup of tea simply for enjoyment, a short infusion may steep for 5-20 minutes. However, in herbalism, short infusions should steep anywhere from 20 minutes to a couple of hours.* This is because, although we want our tea to taste good, the flavor is not our primary priority. Instead, our priority is to extract as many constituents into the tea as possible. The longer we steep, the more of those we get!
And remember to cover your tea when it steeps!
* If you’re working with herbs for relaxation purposes, then shorter steep times are often fine. Herbs like chamomile, lavender, and tulsi will provide you with the relaxation effects you’re looking for in a short amount of time. However, the longer you steep that tea, the more of those relaxation effects you’ll receive!
Best Uses
Short infusions are great for working with most herbs, particularly the leaves, flowers, and other delicate parts of the plant. Short hot infusions are also best for aromatic herbs with volatile oils. Heat is necessary to release those oils but they’re released very quickly (stand over a cup of spearmint tea you just started brewing and you’ll smell them!) If you’re looking to work with roots, seeds, or demulcent herbs (see “cold infusions” below), short hot infusions are not the best route. When wondering whether an herb is ok to make via a short infusion, just check that herb’s specific monograph or requirements.
Supplies
Everything you need to make a short infusion is listed above! You can make a short infusion with any of the above methods. Nothing special is needed here!
Cold Infusions
When making herbal cold infusions, we only really do so with one purpose in mind. And that is to make tea with demulcent herbs. Demulcent herbs are those with constituents (polysaccharides in particular) that are only released in cool water. If you make tea with demulcent herbs in hot water, none of those demulcent constituents would be released into the water and therefore you wouldn’t receive their benefits. Examples of demulcent herbs include marshmallow, linden, and slippery elm. The demulcent constituents in these plants are mucilaginous and have a coating effect on mucous membranes and other parts of the body. Cold extractions, therefore, are pretty slimy in nature.
Best Uses
As I said, we only really make cold infusions when working with demulcent herbs. Although many herbalists would disagree, making demulcent herbs with hot water won’t damage the herb’s medicinal properties. The hot water just won’t allow the plant to release the medicinal constituents we want. You can make other kinds of herbs in a cold infusion, they’re just a lot less potent.
Supplies
When making a cold infusion, it’s best to use a mason jar and a lid, and that’s for a few reasons. First, because you’ll be letting it sit for a few hours, you’ll want to keep a lid on it to make sure debris doesn’t get in. But most importantly, you’ll want to use a mason jar because the infusion you’re making is going to be viscous. Because we make cold infusions with demulcent herbs, the tea is going to get really thick, and therefore it’s not ideal to use a teapot, French press, or air pot.
Depending on the specific demulcent herbs you’re working with, you may also need a tea net, cheesecloth, or something else you can squeeze. Lightly demulcent herbs like linden with do fine with a regular strainer, but thicker herbs like slippery elm may need your help. Using tea nets and cheesecloths will allow you to squeeze the infusion and help separate the tea from the marc, aka the leftover herbs.
Long Infusions
Long infusions are just like short infusions just, well, steeped for longer. Instead of steeping for 20 minutes to a couple of hours, we’re steeping our long infusions for at least five hours, but more like overnight. Most of the time, when I make a long infusion, I’ll make it before bed and drink it in the morning.
Best Uses
Long infusions are the way to go in two circumstances. First is if you’re hoping to extract as many herbal constituents as possible. The longer you steep the tea, the more goodness you’ll extract from the herbs. And second is when you’re working with both aromatic and demulcent herbs in the same blend. Although not very common, we sometimes want to work with a blend of both kinds of herbs, which means we need both hot and cool water to extract those herbal properties. So, at first, when you pour the hot tea, those aromatics are released as well as other constituents that are released in hot water. Then, after hours of sitting on the counter, the water cools, allowing the demulcent properties to be released into the water, too.
Supplies
If you’re not working with demulcent herbs in your long infusion, any of the methods above will work–just make sure to cover it up! However, if you are working with demulcent herbs, it’s best to stick to a glass jar just as I said in the cold infusions section.
Decoctions
When you make tea on the stove, it stops being an infusion and becomes a decoction. And decoctions are the best way to make tea using certain herbs! If you’ve ever made an authentic chai, then you may already be familiar with decoctions. Basically, to make a decoction, you just have to combine some herbs and water (or sometimes milk) in a pot, bring it up to a boil, reduce it to a simmer, and let it boil for anywhere from 20 minutes to a few hours, depending on the herbs your making.
Best Uses
Making a decoction is the best way to work with most barks, roots, and seeds. This is because these herbs are tough and take a lot of energy to release their constituents. Making these kinds of herbs into infusions will work but not as well as a decoction will. Likewise, leaves, flowers, and other more delicate plant parts can be made using a decoction, but it isn’t necessary. Not to mention, some herbalists believe that decoctions can damage some constituents in these delicate plant parts.
Supplies
To make a decoction, a couple of things are important to have. First, you’ll need a pot with a tight-fitting lid. A tight-fitting lid is important in order to keep the volatile oils of some herbs in the tea and to keep as much water as possible in the pot. The only situation in which you’d want to keep the lid off the pot as the decoction is brewing is if you wanted to boil off some of that water to make thicker, more concentrated tea. Concentrated tea is sometimes used in other herbal preparations like baths. Also, when choosing a pot to make your decoction in, be sure to use non-toxic materials like ceramic-coated and stainless steel pots. Be sure to avoid aluminum and non-stick pots.
Variations of Brewing Tea Experiments
Again. . . you don’t have to take my word for it! If you’re really interested in understanding why certain variations of tea making are the best in different situations, then there’s no better lesson than the one in actually trying it out. Get some aromatic herbs (ex. spearmint, thyme, or lavender), some demulcent herbs (ex. marshmallow, wild cherry, or slippery elm), and some roots, bark, or seeds (ex. cinnamon, turmeric, or fennel) and make tea using each method. Which are the strongest? Which did and which didn’t seem to work well? And which are the slimiest? Try it out and come back to share your results. I’d love to hear from you!
Brewing Tea and Science
Knowing that there are different ways to make tea depending on the herbs we’re working with, I wanted to quickly make a note about scientific studies and herbs. As science advances, there are more and more studies showing the effectiveness of herbs when dealing with particular health issues. However, there are still a lot of studies claiming to prove that some herbs are ineffective. Although this is a complicated topic, it’s important to note that there can be some issues with these studies, one that’s laid out here in this article. And that is the way the herb is prepared matters.
When reading studies on herbal effectiveness, one thing to consider is how the herb was prepared and administered. Was the herb prepared in a way that optimizes the effectiveness of the constituents? Another thing to consider is the amount of time the study took place. We know that most herbs have to be worked with daily over a long period of time, depending, of course, on the individual herb and the particular issue. So, when reading studies, also consider the time frame and daily dosage.
Sourcing Medicinal Herbs & Teas
When I’m looking for herbs, the more local the herbs are, the better. My first suggestion for sourcing herbs is to look for local apothecaries and herb farms. Throughout most of the country, there are lots of options for farms and apothecaries. If you don’t have those resources near you, then I recommend looking into Mountain Rose Herbs. This company has the most consistent, high-quality herbs and other products. Most herbalists I know order from Mountian Rose fairly often. It’s rare to receive herbs of poor quality from Mountain Rose!
Also, you could try growing your own! Building relationships with the plants we work with in our herbal practice is very important. There’s no better way to get to know plants than by nurturing them through their lives. Plus, we ask so much from the herbs we work with. Creating a relationship with these plants means giving back to them, and there’s no better way to do that than growing them. If you’re interested in growing your own herbs, you can buy seeds here at Mountain Rose Herbs. And if you’d like resources to learn how to grow your own herbs, check out this article on herb gardening books.
Herbal Tea Recipes
What better way to practice brewing medicinal teas than my making some yummy recipes? Below, there are some tea recipes for you to try out your new tea-making skills with. This section is continuously being updated, so be sure to bookmark this page and keep coming back to it!
Herbal Chai Blends and Decoctions
Herbal chais are some of my favorite medicinal teas to make. In this article, you’ll get all the information you need to create your own tasty chai blends. Or, you can download the free recipe card above and get the instructions sent right to your email! Get cozy with your very own chai blends!
Brewing Tea Resources
There are lots of recipe books and other resources for making yummy herbal tea. Some of my favorite herbalism books are Healing Herbal Infusion by Colleen Codekas, Herbal Revolution by Kathi Langelier, Herbal Recipes for Vibrant Health by Rosemary Gladstar, The Herbal Apothecary by JJ Pursell, Medicinal Herbs by Rosemary Gladstar, and Body Into Balance by Maria Noel Groves.
Summary: Brewing Tea
Brewing tea is my favorite way to work with herbs, as many herbalists would agree. Tea is a wonderful menstruum to extract those yummy constituents, tea is versatile, tastes good, and it’s accessible to most. Tea also allows us to be active in our health and develop relationships with the plants we’re working with.
There are many variations to tea brewing. First, there are variations in the way we make the tea. We can make tea with tea bags, tea strainers, teapots, mason jars, French presses, and air pots. Then there are the methods. We can make short infusions, cold infusions, long infusions, and decoctions.
Have you tried out the experiments in this article? Do you have any questions? Do you have a favorite way to brew tea? Leave your thoughts and experiences in the comments, I would love to hear from you!
Thanks for reading and happy brewing!
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